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How to Spot and Prove a Forged Signature on a Document in New York City
Spotting and proving a forged signature can be tricky. You will usually need an expert with the training and experience to judge whether a signature is authentic, and you will need a lawyer to argue the case in court. If you suspect a forged signature, it is usually because the document turned up in suspicious circumstances and something about it does not feel right. The best place to start is to bring a copy of the document to a lawyer. We see documents in court constantly and we draft them, so we have a feel for what a genuine one looks like and the experience to recognize one that is not.
Red Flags That Point to a Forged Document
Certain features of a document should make you look harder. None of them proves forgery by itself, but together they are the reason a document “feels wrong.”
| Red flag | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| No attorney’s name on the document | A document prepared without an attorney, such as a form bought at an office supply store or downloaded from the internet, is more likely to be a forgery than one an attorney supervised. An attorney-supervised document carries the attorney’s name and a notarized self-proving affidavit of the witnesses who attested it. Someone could still appear at a lawyer’s office with a fake ID claiming to be the purported signer, but forgery is less likely when a lawyer was involved. |
| Missing, misplaced or replaced pages | Pages out of order or absent suggest the document was taken apart and reassembled. |
| Paper that differs in shade, weight or age | A page that does not match the rest may have been substituted after signing. |
| Removed staples, extra staple holes or staple rust | Signs that the original staples were removed point to pages being swapped. |
| White-out, corrections or additions in the text | Touch-ups, erasures and other signs of manipulation make the document look unnatural, and it is often impossible to tell whether they were made before or after signing. |
| A suspicious signature | The “smoking gun,” discussed below. |
The Smoking Gun: The Signature
A suspicious-looking signature is the smoking gun of a forged document. Criminals forge signatures either by tracing an original or by practicing it until they can reproduce it freehand. The likeness of a forged signature to the authentic one varies enormously, from nearly identical to nothing like it at all.
Assembling a catalog
When we set out to prove that a signature on a document is forged, one of the techniques we use is to assemble a “catalog” of signatures we believe to be the purported signer’s authentic signatures from the same period, taken from other legal documents, checks and similar papers the purported signer signed, and compare them with the disputed signature. The more signatures the better, because they compensate for differences in ink, pen, time of day and other variables.
The catalog does not always cooperate. Sometimes the purported signer’s own signatures are inconsistent from document to document, which makes it harder to show that the signature on the document departs from a “standard” signature. Sometimes the authenticity of the catalog signatures is itself in question, as when grown children have been signing their elderly parents’ checks. But in most cases the catalog is a sound point of reference for comparing the suspect signature with signatures known to be genuine.
Computer-aided analysis
In a forensic analysis, handwriting experts take a high-quality photograph of the signature and magnify it on a computer. Sometimes magnification alone makes a forgery obvious. In other cases, reversing the colors so that white becomes black and black becomes white, or applying a filter, makes the forgery stand out. That graphic display matters when the task is to convince a jury that a signature is a forgery.
Signs of a Forged Signature
The “not right” feeling a forged document produces usually comes from one or more of the following features of the signature, each of which is an inconsistency an examiner will count against it.
| What you see | What it points to |
|---|---|
| A completely different signature | The signature on the document matches no verified signature of the purported signer; nothing in the catalog looks like it. Some forgers simply take a chance, hoping no one will challenge the document, and produce an outright forgery that does not even resemble the real signature. |
| Constant line thickness | Uniform pressure, so that every stroke has the same weight, suggests tracing. The forger may have used a light-box, or simply held the authentic signature against a window with the forged document over it. Constant pressure comes from writing slowly, more slowly than the real signer would have signed. |
| Unnatural lines | A complex signature has a motion to it. A fabricator who does not know where the real signer starts letters, connects them and ends them produces strokes that look confused and unnatural. |
| Lack of handwriting proficiency | Younger people were schooled in a system that did not emphasize handwriting, and most writing in the past twenty years has been done on a computer, so the older the document’s signer, the better their handwriting skills tend to be. When an older purported signer’s signature is forged by someone of the next generation, the inconsistencies often show, because the forger lacks the training and practice to pull off an authentic-looking older signature. |
| Wavy, fuzzy or shaky lines | Unsure lines mean the signature was written slowly, and the effect is visible throughout. That is inconsistent with a natural signature. Some people do have a medical tremor, but shakiness from illness or age would also appear in the rest of the catalog. |
| Markings around the signature | Depending on what they look like, stray marks around a signature can reveal the forgery method. |
| Missing fluidity | Speed and fluidity are part of a natural signature. A signature that lacks them is counted as an inconsistency. Sometimes the examiner has to go by feel and work from there. |
One complication is that people’s signatures are not as unique as they used to be. As handwriting goes out of fashion, handwriting skills deteriorate. Individual styles are being lost, most people print rather than write in script, and handwriting is becoming more uniform. That makes it harder for an expert to prove that a signature is forged.
Forgery Signs That Have Nothing to Do With the Signature
Not every forged document turns on the signature. Manipulated pages and removed staples are red flags in their own right, and so is a document that has been touched up with liquid paper or white-out, or that shows erasures or other signs of alteration. Such “corrections” are sloppy and make the document look unnatural and suspicious. Modifications made after the document was signed are invalid, but it is often hard to tell whether a change was made before or after signing. Unless the lawyer who prepared the document testifies that the corrections were made before it was signed, the court will probably give effect only to the original text as it stood before the modifications.
Talk to Us
If you are affected by a document, and especially a will, that you suspect to be a forgery, or you need to defend the authenticity of a signature, we can help. Where the document in question is a will, see our pages on spotting a forged will and forged will litigation in New York. Call 212-233-1233 or write to [email protected].
About the Author
Albert Goodwin Esq. is a licensed New York attorney with over 18 years of courtroom experience. His extensive knowledge and experience make him well-qualified to write authoritative articles on a wide range of legal topics. He can be reached at 212-233-1233 or [email protected].
